Watch online Critical System Protection 5.2.9 Release Notes in english with english subtitles9/1/2017 Best VPN 2017: We go in-depth, testing the best free VPNs and paid VPNs for speed and privacy. WHAT: The Biggest and Best Gang Training Conference --- Gang School 2017. Where is it being held? By: Marc Morano - Climate Depot November 4, 2015 2:27 PM with 2024 comments. Special To Climate Depot. The Pause lengthens again – just in time for Paris. Dilantin official prescribing information for healthcare professionals. Includes: indications, dosage, adverse reactions, pharmacology and more. Schwerwiegende Sicherheitslücken in Microsoft Office Outlook - Updates verfügbar 28. Juli 2017 Beschreibung Microsoft hat "out-of-band" Sicherheitsupdates für. The Public Inspection page on FederalRegister.gov offers a preview of documents scheduled to appear in the next day's Federal Register issue. Fideisms Judaism is the Semitic monotheistic fideist religion based on the Old Testament's (1000-600 BCE) rules for the worship of Yahweh by his chosen people, the. General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU, rarely GPGP or GP²U![]() ![]() ![]() History archive at Tadias Magazine. Prof. Levine signing his book at Tsehai Publishers journal launching ceremony in Los Angeles - - November 2. Ramada Hotel / Culver City. Levine, who passed away on Saturday, April 4th at the age of 8. Ethiopia and the Diaspora as a beloved Ethiopianist, educator, sociological theorist, author, collaborator, advocate, mentor, sensei and friend. In addition to his well- known credentials as a respected scholar of Ethiopian studies, Levine was also an Aikido sensei and the co- founder of the first Aikido dojo in Awasa, Ethiopia. Feel free to send us your own reflections at staff@tadias. We’ll keep this page updated. From Tesfaye Tekelu. Aikido Ethiopia & Awasa Youth Campus“Don was a mentor, a teacher, a sensei and in many ways a father figure to me. I have known him for more than 1. He was the architect of our project. He helped me found Aikido Ethiopia and the Awasa Youth Campus (Action for Youth & Community) and supported and guided us until the last day of his life. Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. The amazing story of Ethiopia's resistance against Fascist Italy's invasion. It's an epic tale of courage, betrayal, faith, love and a proud nation that refused to. ![]() ![]() He loved our country and the people, and he was talking about Ethiopia days before he passed away. We will cherish his work and continue working on what we started in our country. Rest in peace, Ethiopiawiwu ye Selam Arbegna.”From Dag Andargachew. Washington, D. C. Dag Andargachew and Don Levine. We kept in touch since then and got to hang out again in 2. California to visit an Ethiopian that was imprisoned. Afterwards we went to Yoga Mandala in Berkeley for their 1st anniversary yoga session which was my first ever yoga class!! After that day I was a regular student at that studio till I left the Bay Area and have been hooked on yoga ever since! Thank you Don!!!! Fast forward a few years and I was living in Addis for a couple of years and had the honor to help Don with administrative staff – organizing meetings, meet and greet events etc. I also had the privilege to organize a meeting for him with Gash Mesfin (Prof. Mesfin), who had also been recently released from prison. It was an awesome opportunity for me to sit amongst these two giants and listen- in to their conversation, debate and old stories. I have driven with Gash Liben to Awasa to check out AYC’s overall progress as well as the setup of the dojo and saw him in action in his beloved Aikido. It was a pleasure to be around Don and to see him interact with ease with the young, not so young, important officials/diplomats and not so important people attentively and with respect! Interestingly I found out that my Dad was an undergrad student at AAU when Don first came to Ethiopia and was one of the people that taught him Amharic. I’m glad they got to hang out after so many years in Chicago when my Dad was visiting, and again in Addis when Don visited last. Don is a true sensei in the whole sense of the word!! From Mel Tewahade. Denver, Colorado. Don Levine (second from right) with Menze family in Amhara region of Ethiopia. The God that created heaven and earth is pleased in this Easter day, to receive his servant and our friend into his kingdom. May his writing and teaching touch many lives forever and ever. He has willingly accepted and loved being Ethiopian. He dedicated 5. 5 years of his life studying, writing, teaching, advocating and praying for Ethiopia and Ethiopians. He encouraged all of us to dig deeper into the spirit of Menze and Shoa. He also showed us to live our lives with abundance. He reminded me that Queen of Sheba took gold and incense when she visited King Solomon in Jerusalem. He motivated us to develop our skill of negotiation that our ancestors had once mastered. He showed us how to express what we want with class and dignity using what our ancestors called Wax and Gold. He wanted to show Ethiopians not to be ashamed of our history and heritage. For that alone I am eternally grateful. Gashe Liben, as he is called by his Ethiopian name, We will continue your work and be true to ourselves. May you rest in peace. From Elias Wondimu, Founder of TSEHAI Publishers. Los Angeles, California(Courtesy of Tsehai Publishers)I was blessed enough to work with Gash Liben on several initiatives. To mention a few, he was an editorial advisor and author of TSEHAI Publishers, editorial board member and regular contributor of the International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, and a founding board member and senior scholar of the Ethiopian Institute for Nonviolence Education and Peace Studies, but most of all he was one of the few people who took time to answer any questions that I may have. For me, I lost a mentor, a major supporter, and a collaborator on all of my projects, and an author extraordinaire that I had the privilege of publishing his very last book (Interpreting Ethiopia) among other writings and his classic book: Wax and Gold. The reaction of our people from across international borders is not due to one or few of his successful writings, but it is due to his life- long engagement with Ethiopia and his advocacy to her citizens’ dignity wherever they might be. What we lost today is not only an acclaimed scholar, but a dear friend of our people and a citizen of the world who cares deeply for its future. Hold on to what is good,” was known to Professor Levine since his time as a Professor in the then Haile Selassie I University over fifty years ago. The motto became part of our conversation as we marched to Genet Hall. This anecdote typifies the nature and personality of Professor Levine and his extraordinary immersion into Ethiopian history, culture and society. Professor Levine has always maintained an insider view, that is, he studied the language, assumed the position of being empathic with the culture and looked at the history and culture of the people Ethiopia from the inside out. Professor Levine was so intimate with the field of Ethiopian Studies that he was able to produce, as most agree, two outstanding and classical books on aspects of Ethiopian culture and society: Wax and Gold: Tradition and Innovation in Ethiopian Culture (1. Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of Multiethnic Society (1. These two books are by far widely quoted and referenced works in the field of Ethiopian Studies. This is an earned name. He earned the most gracious and affectionate title as a result of his remarkable accessibility to Ethiopians and their organizations, be it in social, cultural, educational and political settings. Gashe Liben prefaced many books authored by Ethiopian or Ethiopianist scholars. He organized international conferences and gave many media interviews. Gashe Liben helped several Ethiopians with their immigration cases. He always cautioned fellow Ethiopians to seize the moment and get engaged with the modernization of Ethiopia informed by tradition. He urged us to stop missing opportunities. To me, Professor Levine’s seminal contribution in the field of Ethiopian Studies was his definition and articulation of what he calls the Ethiopian national epic. The professor argued that Kebre Negest is a national epic or mythology. True, the mythology has to be expanded and should include the multiple mythologies of our people. But as a tribute to Professor Levine, we should all agree that our multiethnic identity is founded on a great epic of a great people. From Kidist Tariku, Coordinator of Ethiopia’s Long Live the Girls program. Hawassa, Ethiopia. We are very sad to lose such a loving and intelligent man. His name and work always remains in our organization’s history. He is our founder; he will always be respected and loved for what he did for our community. May his soul rest in peace. Long Live the Girls is a girls’ empowerment program through creative writing initiative founded in 2. Action for Youth & Community Change & Break Arts: International Arts & Education Collaborative. Using creative writing to spark the imagination and see the world as if it could be otherwise, our model for engagement is unique — we create safe spaces for girls and women to speak and write with freedom, often using both political and poetic documents as the springboard for conversation, writing & performance. Vestal. Professor Emeritus, Oklahoma State University Ted Vestal. His books about Ethiopia, especially Wax and Gold and Greater Ethiopia, are classical studies of the society, history, and culture of the Land of Prester John that so fascinated him. His many articles and public addresses about Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa leave a profound legacy for Ethiopians to ponder in the years to come. His thoughts about Ethiopia and prescriptions for its future were informed by his life as superbly trained American academic and public intellectual. Don came to Chicago fresh out of high school and took advantage of the University of Chicago’s accelerated degree program begun during the university’s presidency of Robert Hutchins. In a seven year span from 1. B. A., M. A., and Ph. D. He resided in a rural Manz, an Amhara area and learned firsthand about the people and their ways. He studied Amharic and could converse with the subjects of his research. He then became a professor at Haile Selassie I University where he was teaching during the attempted coup in 1. Levine joined the faculty at his alma mater, the University of Chicago, in 1. Professor of Sociology and holder of the endowed Peter B. Ritzma chair. He also served as Dean of the College in the 1. Levine’s teaching, speaking, and writing about Ethiopia reflected his grounding in the Chicago method of higher education characterized by independent thought and criticism that is created in the interest of the progress of society. In his continuing dialogue with and about Ethiopia, Don was open- minded and welcomed different points of view. In the process of doing this, he extended the bounds of understanding and wisdom about that ancient land. He epitomized the great professor of cultural studies: one who lived and worked among the people, took part in their festivals and celebrations, learned the language, and studied the literature and great books of their tradition. Human Knowledge: Foundations and Limits. Human Knowledge: Foundations and Limitshttp: //humanknowledge. Does divine. or supernatural agency exist? Is the future already. What is right. and wrong? Is the world good. Are humans good or evil? What beings. have what rights? What should. one do? What are the limits. Could a machine. think? Does free will exist? What laws. it? Why is the universe this way? Does it. a center or edge? What is outside. the universe? Are there other universes? How did life. arise? Prologue 0. 1. Definition 0. 2. Assertions 0. 3. Scope 0. 4. Organization 0. Questions. Asked 0. Audience 0. 7. Copyright 0. 8. Authority 0. 9. Criticism 0. 1. Motivation 1. Philosophy 1. Metaphysics 1. Ontology 1. 1. Theology 1. 2. Epistemology 1. Philosophy. Of Mind 1. Philosophy. Of Science 1. Axiology 1. 3. Ethics 1. 3. Political. Philosophy 1. Virtue. Philosophy 1. Aesthetics 2. Mathematics 2. Logic 2. 1. 1. Formal. Logic 2. Metalogic 2. Applied. Logic 2. Set. Theory 2. Algebra 2. 3. Arithmetic 2. Number. Theory 2. Geometry 2. 5. Analysis 2. 6. Combinatorics 2. Applied. Mathematics 3. Natural. Science 3. Physics 3. 1. Mechanics 3. Wave. Physics 3. Thermodynamics 3. Electromagnetics 3. Quantum. Physics 3. Astronomy 3. Cosmology 3. Galactic. Astronomy 3. Stellar. Astronomy 3. Planetary. Astronomy 3. Chemistry 3. 4. Geoscience 3. 5. Biology 3. 5. Molecular. Biology 3. Cellular. Biology 3. Physiology 3. Ethology 3. 5. Evolutionary. Biology 3. Anthropology 3. Ecology 3. 5. Exobiology 4. Technology 5. Social. Science 5. Economics 5. Macroeconomics 5. Microeconomics 5. Political. Science 5. Sociology 5. 4. Psychology 5. 5. Linguistics 5. History 5. 7. Futurology 5. Impossible. Advances 5. Improbable. Advances 5. Academic. Developments 5. Technological. Developments 5. Industrial. Developments 5. Sociopolitical. Developments 5. Challenges 5. Possible. Catastrophes 5. Timeline 6. Epilogue A. Appendices A. 1. Unanswered. Questions A. References. 0. Prologue. Definition. Assertions. Scope. Organization. Questions Asked. Audience. Copyright. Authority. Criticism. Motivation. Prologue /. Definition. This living hypertext is a systematic summary of. For each subdivision of. Status. This draft contains. A more detailed indication of what parts of the text have been. Questions. Asked section. Prologue. / Assertions. Positions. This text aims to assert humanity's analyses and. These analyses and theories are not. Potentially contentious. Relatively uncontentious assertions appear as. Among these area list of. Christianity; a synopsis. Earth is heading in space; lists of major biological. American. political parties; andan extension of the classical Libertarian. Analyses. The text presents a few. The author naturally hopes that the. The text asserts a worldview it calls. They area materialist ontology. This text aims to survey the foundations and. It. does not bother restating what Stone Age humans already knew or what. It does not include. It. does not include parochial knowledge about human practices and. It does not include subjects (such as. It does not. simply enumerate facts and ideas alphabetically. It is neither a. of trivia nor an almanac of ephemera. It does not attempt to correct or. It does. not try merely to fill the common or embarrassing gaps in people's. It does not give demonstrations but rather conclusions. It. does not attempt to persuade or teach but rather to assert and inform. Prologue. There are many equally valid ways to organize human knowledge. This text begins with philosophy. Philosophy is. about the questions that would confront thinkers not only on any world. If philosophy is about necessary questions, then mathematics. The. of science should be agreed upon by any thinkers in the universe that. The most interesting known phenomena in the. Social. strive to induce truths that would apply to any kind of person anywhere. Most parochial of all would be topics. Prologue. These are some of the questions that this text is intended to address. What is 0- 1? What is color? What makes primary colors primary? Why are glass and air transparent? Why do mirrors reflect? Why do mirrors reflect left- right but not up- down? Why is the sky blue? Why are sunsets red? Why is blood red? Why are plants green? What causes rainbows? What causes mirages? How does depth perception work? Electromagnetics. What is electricity? What is magnetism? How are electricity and magnetism related? What stops one solid object from going through another? Why does a magnet attract metal but not wood? Why do parts of magnets repel each other? Why don't birds on power lines get electrocuted? Relativity. What is Relativity? What is space- time? What causes gravity? How fast does gravitational influence propagate? What if the speed of light were infinite? What if the speed of light were not constant for all. What is meant by E=mc. How is it derived from the. If a car approached light speed, what would happen to its. Can anything go faster than light? Does light have mass or exert pressure? Is time travel possible? What are black holes? What are wormholes? How do charged black holes interact if photons cannot. Why is the vacuum energy density so close to zero and so. What is the cosmological constant? Why are there 3 dimensions of space and 1 of time? Quantum Theory. What is a quantum? What is the Uncertainty Principle? How can a particle behave like a wave? What is the smallest particle? What are virtual particles? What is antimatter? Why is antimatter so rare? What is radioactivity? What is the difference between fission and fusion? What is the lifetime of the proton? Do conservation of linear and angular momentum entail each. What is gauge symmetry? Is there really supersymmetry between fermions and bosons? Can quark non- confinement and massless strong particles be. Yang- Mills equations of QCD? What property or charge does the weak force act on? Does. attract, repel, or what? Is M theory true? What if radiation were not quantized? What if Planck's. What if there were no quantum indeterminacy? If there were no quantum indeterminacy, couldn't an. Astronomy. Cosmology. How did the universe begin? What happened before the beginning of the universe? How will the universe end? Does the universe have an edge? How big is the universe? Where is the center of the universe? What is the universe expanding into? How old is the universe? How do scientists know how old the universe is? Why does the universe's expansion appear to be accelerating? How did galaxies and galaxy clusters emerge from the early. What is the universe made of? What is the global topology of the universe? What is the fate of the Earth? How many stars are there? How many visible stars are there? How do scientists know how far away stars are? Why causes spiral galaxies to have arms? Why do stars twinkle? Why do stars appear to the eye to have diameter? What powers the Sun? How cold would it get, and how soon, if the Sun turned off? Why is the night sky dark? Is the dark side of the moon dark? Why does Earth always see the same face of the moon? Why do the planets go the same direction around the Sun? Chemistry. What is fire? Makes a substance reflective, transparent, or opaquely. What is acid? Why does metal rust? Geoscience. What causes the seasons? Why does a compass point north? What causes earthquakes? What is lightning? What causes wind? Why is the earth's interior hot? What is the difference between true north and magnetic north? What are the Northern Lights? What causes rain? What causes waves and tides? Why are no two snowflakes alike? Why is air thinner at higher altitudes? Why does air temperature change with altitude? Biology. What is life? How did life arise? How can the complexity of living things be explained? Is there life and intelligence beyond earth? How improbable was the genesis of life on an earth? How improbable was the evolution of intelligence on earth? How improbable was the evolution of humans on earth? What is DNA? What is evolution? What is a virus? Are viruses alive? How does amino acid sequence determine protein structure? What makes a seed alive or not? Why does food last longer in a refrigerator or freezer? Why don't dry foods spoil? How do drugs work? Why is oxygen poisonous to many kinds of organisms? Why do animals get old and die? Why do animals yawn or sleep? How did sex evolve? How did flight evolve? Why are insects attracted to lights? How do insects walk on water or ceilings? How does memory work? Anthropology. Are humans good or evil? How did language evolve? Is humanity still evolving? Are humans naturally meat eaters? Why are humans relatively hairless? Why are there more right- handers than left- handers? Why do males have nipples? Are facial expressions innate or learned? Why are men more promiscuous than women? Why do humans make and enjoy music and humor? Why do human babies cry so much? Technology. Engineering. How does a computer work? How fast and small can computers get? How does a plane fly? How does a satellite stay up in the sky? How does a battery work? How does a refrigerator work? How does a microwave oven work? How does a radio work? How does an antenna work? How does a TV work? How does a light bulb work? How does a camera work? Why does an air conditioner need to be in a window? What are plastic and steel made of? How are diamonds cut? Why do spaceships have to speed up to get to a higher. Biotechnology. What is the difference between a twin and a clone? How are new drugs invented and tested? Management. How does one calculate the net present value of a project or. Industrial Technology. What is the future of telecommunications? What is the future of energy production? What is the future of transportation? What is the future of education? Social Science. Economics. What is wealth? How is wealth created? What is money? What causes inflation? What determines prices? Coal Tar Creosote (Cicads 6. This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization, or the World Health Organization. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 6. First draft prepared by Drs Christine Melber, Janet Kielhorn, and Inge Mangelsdorf, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hanover, Germany. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization, and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter- Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. World Health Organization. Geneva, 2. 00. 4The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), established in 1. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. The Inter- Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1. UNEP, ILO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, WHO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, and the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (Participating Organizations), following recommendations made by the 1. UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase coordination in the field of chemical safety. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. WHO Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data. Coal tar creosote.(Concise international chemical assessment document ; 6. Coal tar - toxicity 2. Creosote - toxicity 3. Risk assessment 4. Environmentalexposure 5. Occupational exposure I. International Programme on Chemical Safety. II. Series. ISBN 9. LC/NLM Classification: QV 6. ISSN 1. 02. 0- 6. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 2. Avenue Appia, 1. 21. Geneva 2. 7, Switzerland (tel: +4. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications . Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Risk assessment activities of the International Programme on Chemical Safety, including the production of Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents, are supported financially by the Department of Health and Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, UK, Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Drug Administration, and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA, European Commission, German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Health Canada, Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and the Swiss Agency for Environment, Forests and Landscape. Technically and linguistically edited by Marla Sheffer, Ottawa, Canada, and printed by Wissenchaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mb. H, Stuttgart, Germany. TABLE OF CONTENTSFOREWORD1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY1. Identity, physical/chemical properties, and analytical methods. Sources of human and environmental exposure. Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation. Environmental levels and human exposure. Comparative kinetics and metabolism in laboratory animals and humans. Effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro test systems. Effects on humans. General population. Occupational exposure. Effects on other organisms in the laboratory and field. Risk evaluation. 2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND ANALYTICAL METHODS2. Identity and physical/chemical properties of coal tar creosote. Physical/chemical properties of the individual components of creosote. Vapour pressure. 2. Solubility and Kow values. Other physical/chemical properties. Analysis. 2. 3. 1 . SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE3. Natural sources. 3. Anthropogenic sources. Processes and production levels. Processes. 3. 2. 1. Production levels. Uses. 3. 2. 2. 1 Wood uses. Non- wood uses. 3. Release into the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION4. Transport and distribution between media. Air. 4. 1. 2 Water and associated sediments. Volatilization from water. Distribution within aquatic systems. Soil. 4. 1. 3. 1 Volatilization from soil. Transport within soil. Biota. 4. 2 Transformation. Biodegradation/biotransformation. Microbial organisms. Other organisms. 4. Abiotic degradation. Photodegradation. Hydrolysis. 4. 3 Bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Aquatic organisms. Terrestrial organisms. Ultimate fate following use. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE5. Environmental levels. Air. 5. 1. 2 Water. Groundwater. 5. 1. Surface waters. 5. Sediment and soil. Sediment. 5. 1. 3. Soil. 5. 1. 4 Food. Other products. 5. Biota. 5. 2 General population exposure. Exposure data. 5. Monitoring of human fluids/tissues. Occupational exposure. Workplace data. 5. Air concentrations. Skin exposure. 5. Monitoring body fluids of workers. Estimations of exposure. COMPARATIVE KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AND HUMANS6. Absorption. 6. 2 Distribution. Metabolic transformation. Elimination and excretion. Retention and turnover. Interactions with cellular components. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS7. Single exposure. 7. Short- and medium- term exposure. Long- term exposure and carcinogenicity. Irritation and sensitization. Reproductive and developmental toxicity. Effects on fertility. Developmental toxicity. Endocrine disruption. Mutagenicity and related end- points. In vitro assays. 7. In vivo assays. 7. Creosotes. 7. 6. 2. General results for class components. Other studies. 7. Cytotoxicity and photocytotoxicity. Induction of microsomal enzymes and related effects. Effects on intercellular communication. Factors modifying toxicity, and toxicity of metabolites. Mechanisms of toxicity / mode of action. EFFECTS ON HUMANS8. General population. Acute toxicity and poisoning incidents. Epidemiological studies. Occupational exposure. Acute toxicity and poisoning incidents. Case reports and epidemiological studies. Non- cancer effects. Cancer. 9. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD9. Laboratory experiments. Microorganisms. 9. Aquatic organisms. Plants. 9. 1. 2. 2 Invertebrates. Vertebrates. 9. 1. Terrestrial organisms. Plants. 9. 1. 3. 2 Invertebrates. Vertebrates. 9. 2 Field observations. Microorganisms. 9. Water. 9. 2. 1. 2 Soil. Aquatic organisms. Plants. 9. 2. 2. 2 Invertebrates. Vertebrates. 9. 2. Outdoor microcosm studies with plankton and fish. Terrestrial organisms. EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS AND EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT1. Evaluation of human health risks. Exposure. 10. 1. 2 Hazard identification. Dose. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIESREFERENCESAPPENDIX 1 . CICADs join the Environmental Health Criteria documents (EHCs) as authoritative documents on the risk assessment of chemicals. International Chemical Safety Cards on the relevant chemical(s) are attached at the end of the CICAD, to provide the reader with concise information on the protection of human health and on emergency action. They are produced in a separate peer- reviewed procedure at IPCS. They may be complemented by information from IPCS Poison Information Monographs (PIM), similarly produced separately from the CICAD process. CICADs are concise documents that provide summaries of the relevant scientific information concerning the potential effects of chemicals upon human health and/or the environment. They are usually based on selected national or regional evaluation documents or on existing EHCs. Before acceptance for publication as CICADs by IPCS, these documents undergo extensive peer review by internationally selected experts to ensure their completeness, accuracy in the way in which the original data are represented, and the validity of the conclusions drawn. The primary objective of CICADs is characterization of hazard and dose. CICADs are not a summary of all available data on a particular chemical; rather, they include only that information considered critical for characterization of the risk posed by the chemical. The critical studies are, however, presented in sufficient detail to support the conclusions drawn. For additional information, the reader should consult the identified source documents upon which the CICAD has been based. Risks to human health and the environment will vary considerably depending upon the type and extent of exposure. Responsible authorities are strongly encouraged to characterize risk on the basis of locally measured or predicted exposure scenarios. To assist the reader, examples of exposure estimation and risk characterization are provided in CICADs, whenever possible. These examples cannot be considered as representing all possible exposure situations, but are provided as guidance only. The reader is referred to EHC 1. While every effort is made to ensure that CICADs represent the current status of knowledge, new information is being developed constantly.
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